Structure of hot air aerial balloon



Oct. 20, 1970 L. F. HARDING 3,534,927

STRUCTURE OF HOT AIR AERIAL BALLOON Filed April 5, 1968 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR.

TOQ/VEYS Oct. 20, 1970 L. F. HARDING STRUCTURE OF HOT AIR AERIAL BALLOON 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed April 5, 1968 I INVENTOR. L'z'noen frzam'nq I M2 7 TORNEYS United States Patent 3,534,927 STRUCTURE OF HOT AIR AERIAL BALLOON Linden F. Harding, 1222 W. Long Lake Road, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. 48013 Filed Apr. 5, 1968, Ser. No. 719,073 Int. Cl. B64!) 1/58 US. Cl. 244-31 13 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE In a preferred form, the present invention contemplates a novel method and apparatus for making hot air aerial balloons of the type using the Montgolfier principle. More specifically, the invention involves assembling a plurality of identically dimensioned triangular gores in a predetermined manner to make the envelope for a hot air balloon which has the aerodynamic characteristics necessary for hot air ballooning and which further involves the use of parachutes as a source for the identically dimensioned triangular shaped gores that form the envelope of the hot air balloon in its entirety.

This invention relates to hot air balloons and, more particularly, to a method of manufacturing hot air balloons out of parachutes.

The art of hot air ballooning has advanced in almost tWo centuries from the linen and paper balloon constructed by the Montgolfier brothers in France to the present day Where the typical hot air balloon is a ripstop nylon envelope of substantially teardrop shape. In the sport of hot air ballooning, a typical envelope will be upwards of twenty-eight (28) feet in diameter with forty (40) foot diameter balloons being very common. In capacity, the interior volume of the ballons in common usage falls in the 27,000 to 87,000 cubic foot range.

The length of the envelope from top to bottom can be in excess of fifty (50*) feet. In order to achieve aerodynamic stability, the top portion of the balloon is usually much larger in diameter than the lower portion, and the lower portion normally terminates in a substantially frusto-conical section with an opening at the bottom thereof for the reception of air and heat.

The prior art teaches the construction of balloons of the type above described using nylon panels or gores of elongated shape which generally start in a pointed configuration, progress toward the base of the balloon by gaining a wider dimension rather quickly, and then tapering gradually to the bottom or frusto-conical portion of the balloon. The material of the gores is normally nylon and the nylon, after assembly, can be coated with some type of plastic or rubberized material so as to make it air tight and also resistant to the heat which develops inside of the balloon as well as the heat from the sun on the outside of the balloon. Normally, such balloon structures have to be able to withstand heat of at least 250. In order to assure the strength of the balloon structures, the area between the gores, when assembled, generally includes a nylon shroud line or a piece of metal from which the weight suspended on the bottom of the balloon is hung and also which serves to make the balloon assume an integrity of shape when inflated, especially when the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the balloon increases as altitude increases. Normally, the juncture between the gores has to be taped, thereby contributing to its airtight quality. Balloons, so constructed, must also have an opening at the top of the balloon to allow the escape of air that is heated so as to descend or which can be closed to insure that all the heated air is entrapped Within the balloon causing it to ascend.

3,534,927. Patented Oct. 20, 1970 The problems of cost and low load-carrying capacity have limited the applicability of all balloon vehicles in certain scientific experiments, particularly high altitude experiments. When heavy payloads are being considered, it has been the practice in the past to add load bearing tapes, lines, or members to the balloon envelope structure in order to enhance its load carrying capabilities and to guarantee integrity of shape at the low air pressures of high altitudes. Unfortunately, as the reinforcing material is added, the overall weight of the vehicle, per se, is increased, thus detracting from the load carrying capacity. When balloons are to be constructed for sport use, such as is the case with a hot air balloon, the same problems are prevalent. In hot air ballooning, one of the major considertaions is the ability of the material to with stand heat as well as having enough support strength to carry a pay load that, in every case, must include a person as well as certain instruments; for example, an altimeter. In addition, the apparatus for producing heat in a hot air balloon of present day construction, even though greatly improved over old methods, contributes weight and generally entails the use of butane gas tanks which are fired from beneath the balloon to heat the air that passes in through the bottom of the balloon from the atmosphere. The majority of developments in hot air ballooning over the years have taken the form of constructions that involve making a very lightweight material, of which the balloon envelope is normally constructed, strong enough in the finished form to support a certain load. These problems have not been adequately solved in the prior art and, in addition, the problem of high cost that is normally associated with a structure that is very light, yet very strong has severely restricted the use of balloons in the sport field.

The present invention contemplates solving some of the major problems of the prior art devices by utilizing portions of parachutes that are already constructed and inspected, and modifying these parachutes to form an integral balloon structure. Parachutes, as is well known in the art, are mass produced and are constructed of nylon cloth material forming gores with nylon shroud lines, separating the gores being integrally sewn into the parachute structure. Parachute gores are triangular in shape and are designed to be slightly porous so that the parachute will descend through the atmosphere at a controlled rate. In addition, an aperture is left in the top of a parachute, both for purposes of allowing controllable air flow therethrough as well as for directing air for inflation of a pilot chute.

More specifically, the present invention involves assembling a structure that is adapted to be formed into an aerial balloon comprising an envelope having a plurality of triangular shaped elements which are contiguously, mutually situated in a pattern and are then selectively joined. This envelope generally includes a top section formed from the gores of a complete parachute, a center formed from the gores of two complete parachutes, the gores thereof being split in a predetermined complementary pattern and assembled end-for-end in mating relationship to form a cylinder, and a lower section formed from the gores of a plurality of parachutes wherein a first of said plurality of parachutes is selectively cut along the edges of selected gores and a second parachute is cut with selected gores removed to mate with complementary shaped gaps between gores of the first parachute to form a frusto-conical shaped enclosure. Thereafter the top section, which is an integral parachute, is joined to the assembled two parachutes forming the cylindrical portion and finally the frusto-conical shape enclosure is attached to the bottom of the cylindrical shaped portion. As a composite, then, the balloon envelope comprises a complete chute used to form the top of the balloon, a cylindrical midsection formed by two parachutes cut in a particular manner, and the lower end of the envelope being frustoconical in shape and formed by the selective joining of parts of at least two other parachutes. In this manner, an opening is left at the top of the completed balloon and an opening left at the base of the balloon for the input of air and also provides an opening through which heat can be applied to heat the air within the balloon. Certain selected shroud lines of the balloon are tied together and adapted to hold cables or other type links that, in turn, support a device beneath the balloon adapted to carry a man and the equipment necessary to fly the balloon. A rubberized coating is then applied to the envelope to make it air tight. The integral nylon shroud lines provide the strength needed in the composite structure to withstand both the force of the heated air from inside the balloon tending to expand the balloon as it ascends to higher altitudes and also serving to provide support points from which lead carrying lines are attached for carrying the pay load.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved balloon wherein the envelope portion of the balloon structure can be completely formed from parachutes.

It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved method for making balloon structures in accordance with the previous object.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide an improved balloon structure wherein the envelope for the balloon has a substantially hemispherical top portion, a cylindrical mid-portion, and a frusto-conical lower portion.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved balloon structure wherein the entire envelope for the balloon can be constructed by selectively joining gores of conventional parachutes without altering the dimensions of the gores as formed into a parachute.

It is still a further object of the present invention to provide an improved balloon structure wherein the shroud lines found in a parachute are connected in such a way throughout the envelope that load bearing lines can be essentially integral from the top of the balloon structure, as finished, to the lower frusto-conical portion.

Other objects and attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a balloon constructed in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged elevational view of the pay load suspension arrangement located on the side of the balloon of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the envelope of the balloon of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the maneuvering valve of the subject balloon.

FIG. 5 is a fragmentary view of the sealing means of the valve of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a plan view taken along the lines 66 of FIG. 4.

.FIG. 7 is an elevational view of the deflation valve of the subject balloon.

'Referring to FIG. 1, the balloon in the subject inven tion is shown as having a part spherical top portion generally designated by numeral 10, a cylindrical center portion designated by numeral 12, an upper frusto-conical portion 14 and a lower frusto-conical portion 16. The composite of elements 10, 12, 14 and 16 are herein referred to as the envelope.

Referring to FIG. 3, the part spherical top portion is herein termed a first parachute and is illustrated as containing 18 gores of triangular shape which are formed from a standard 28 foot parachute with the lower suspending shroud lines removed therefrom, the parachute 10 being otherwise unaltered. It should be understood that a typical parachute has shroud lines that start near the apex of the gores at the top and are carried internally of the nylon material down to the skirt of the parachute. At this point the shroud lines are sewn to the skirt and continue externally of the parachute down to a point near another apex where a load is attached to the parachute. Therefore, in this description, internal shroud lines are those portions of the line within the nylon and the external shroud lines are portions extending below the skirt. The numeral 18 designates a typical triangular gore and numeral 20, a typical internal shroud line; and it should be understood that, throughout this description, whenever gores are mentioned, they are identical in size and shape and are accorded numeral 18. Aperture 22 is present in a typical parachute and is positioned in a corresponding place in portion 10 of the present installation. Therefore, the part spherical top portion 10 is formed from a first parachute in its entirety with the exception of the external shroud lines.

Continuing the reference to FIG. 3, a second parachute 24 is illustrated as positioned below the rfirst parachute and is further illustrated as being split down to its hem 28 along every second gore. A. third parachute 26 is similarly cut and placed in opposed disposition and formed in a complementary pattern with respect to the second parachute 24 so that it can be assembled end-forend in mating relationship therewith. When mated together and sewn, in any well known fashion, a cylindrical center portion of the balloon designated by numeral 12 is formed. The hem 28 of second parachute 24 is sewn to hem 30 of the first parachute and the cylindrical portion 12 is thereby joined to the part spherical top portion 10. Depending on the desires of the balloon envelope designer, the internal shroud lines of the first parachute 10 can be joined to the ends of the internal shroud lines of the second parachute 24 or the external shroud lines of the rfirst parachute 10 can be threaded through the area in second parachute 24 and third parachute 26 formerly occupied by internal shroud lines therein. This latter method provides a continuous line extending from aperture 22 to skirt 36 of the third parachute 26.

A fourth parachute 32 is split along every fourth gore and the hem. 34 of parachute 32 is placed against hem 36 of third parachute 26 and attached thereto by sewing or by other well known attaching means.

The lower portion of 14 and the upper portion of 16 comprise elements 38 and 40 which are formed by dismantling the fifth parachute so that even pairs of gores in adjacent relationship are fastened together along hem 44. These gores are designed to fit into the openings created when the fourth parachute 32 was cut along every fourth gore. Element 38 is then mated into fourth parachute 32 in much the same fashion as third parachute 26 was mated to second parachute 24 thereby forming, in the composite, the upper frusto-conical portion 14 of the balloon.

Continuing the reference to FIG. 3, the remaining portion of the fifth parachute is formed into element 40 along hem 46, the separation made between every second gore. Hem 46 is attached to hem 44 in any well known manner such as by sewing, and then element 42 is formed from another parachute and comprises seven single gores that are adapted to mate with the complementary shaped openings formed between every pair of gores of element 40. Element 42 is attached then to element 40 in much the same manner as element 38 and fourth parachute 32 and second parachute 24 and third parachute 26. In the composite, elements 40 and 42 form the lower frustoconical portion 16 of the balloon shown in FIG. 1.

It should be understood that when the portions of the five parachutes are placed together the matching of the hems is at the termination point of the gore of the adjacent chute and the interior shroud lines 20 disposed therein are connected by sewing or tying sothat a continuous shroud line extends from aperture 22 at the top of part spherical portion to hem 48 of element 42 If desirable, in a given installation, the exterior shroud lines of the first parachute are not cut but are merely threaded through second parachute 24 and third parachute 26, it being understood that a typical parachute has at least 14 exterior feet of shroud line extending from the canopy. The exact method of hooking the shroud lines together or threading through from the bottom and top parachutes is left to the designer of the system, and it is not considered to be a part of this invention except as the shroud lines and passages therefor exist between the individual gores to provide the strength needed in the balloon structure.

Referring to FIG. 1, the device 50 for carrying a pay load is shown as being connected to the lower frustoconical portion 16 by means of cables 52. It is understood that there are seven (7) such cables :52, all being identically attached to the frusto-conical portion 16 at hem '54 which is merely a support structure passing completely around the lower portion 16 to support a nylon shroud line tie-in of the type shown in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 2, a triangular shaped ring 56 is shown as being suspended along the line of interior shroud line 20a. by element 20 while angularly placed elements cut from shroud lines are designated 20b and 20c and are also attached to ring 56 at one end with their opposite ends attached to vertically extending interior shroud lines 20d and 20e through rings 57 in turn carried by support line 59 carried in hem '54. Therefore, cable 52 is tied to ring 56 which, in turn, is supported by the three shroud line elements 20e, 20 d and 20a in conjunction with line 59 in hem 54. It is understood that seven (7) such cables 56 are similarly suspended around the periphery of the lower frusto-conical portion 16 in order to equally distribute the weight of the pay load carried by support 50. The junctures of shroud lines 20d and 20b, 20a and 200, and 201 and 20a can be further strengthened by use of nylon pads such as pads 58 shown in FIG. 2. It is understood that the entire envelope after the assembly is gas sealed by the use of any one of a number of chemical films, such as those described in US. Pat. 2,960,282.

Referring to FIG. 4, a maneuvering valve 60 is shown which is disposed around aperture 22 at the apex of the gores 18 in the part spherical top portion 10 on the inside of the envelope. The first parachute comprising the part spherical top portion 10 is coated with a rubberizedtype material 62 and aperture 22 is left open. A metallic rim 64 of generally circular construction is attached to the edges of aperture 22 by means of rivets 6 6, for example. Metallic rim 64 adds strength to the upper portion of the part spherical top portion as well as providing a seat against which resilient material 68 fits. Resilient material 68 is in circular form and substantially conforms to the shape of the inside of rim 64. The interior area of rim 64 is covered by nylon or other material. A plurality of elongated springs 70 and cable 72 are utilized to maintain the resilient rim or ring 68 in engagement with rim 64. The ends of the springs 70 are attached to rim 64 in any well known manner and likewise the opposite end of the corresponding cable 72 is attached to the resilient material 68 in any well known manner. Referring to FIG. 6, this arrangement is more clearly shown but it should be noted that the resilient ring 68 is biased against rim 64 under static conditions.

A plurality of cables 74 are also attached to the resilient material 68 in common fashion and connect to a common cable 76 through a ring 77, the cable 76 being manipulatable from the pay load area 50 of the balloon. Therefore, when it is desired to descend in the balloon after it is aloft, cable 76 is pulled, in turn drawing the cable 74 attached to resilient ring 68 downwardly against the bias of springs 70 thereby providing a valve to allow the escape of the hot air. FIG. 5 illustrates the valve in the open position. It is understood when pressure is released from cable 76 that springs 70 act collectively to reseat valve 60.

Referring to FIG. 7, a deflation valve 80 is seen which is utilized to open a large aperture in the side of the balloon when landing occurs to deflate the balloon very rapidly insuring that the occupant is not dragged along the terrain. A slit 82 can be of any appropriate length and is formed in the side of either the cylindrical center section 12 or the upper frusto-conical portion 14. The track of zipper 84 is disposed throughout the length of slit 82. A plurality of pulleys 86, 88, 92, 94 and 96 are disposed peripherally about slit 82. A cable 98 is attached through clasp 100 to one edge of slit 82 and is threaded through pulleys 90, 88 and engages spring 102 which is attached at an opposite end to zipper operator 104. Similarly, cable 106 is threaded through pulleys 94 and 92 and is hooked at one end to spring 108 which likewise is attached to operator 104. The opposite end of cable 106 engages clasp 110 which is similar to clasp 100 and is situated on the opposite of slit 82 therefrom.

To operate the deflation valve, cable 112 is pulled in much the same way as the draw string on a drape and this motion pulls operator 104 the length of slit 82 on track 84. As operator 104 passes the point defined by cables 98 and 106, pressure is put on these cables due to their engagement through spring 102 and 108, respectively, drawing the zipper further open and also putting pressure against clasps 100 and 110 to open the slit until it assumes any of the phantom line positions shown in FIG. 7. When operator 104 has moved the length of track 84, the slit is completely unzipped and, in addition, forces acting on the sides thereof through cables 98 and .106 open the slit into an oval aperture. This allows a rather rapid exit of heated air from inside the balloon causing a rapid deflation. It is clear that one skilled in the art, when presented with the concept of a deflation valve operated by a zipper, can arrange a dual zipper arrangement to operate in both directions or a zipper operating in the opposite direction from that shown to open slit 82 while still keeping within the spirit of the present invention.

The present invention also contemplates a method of forming a structure adapted to be formed into an aerial balloon by selectively joining a plurality of triangular-shaped elements into an envelope. This envelope further includes an aperture at the top end and an opening at the opposite end to provide a path for air flow from the bottom end of the balloon wherein it is heated, the heated air being allowed to controllably flow through the aperture at the top. The triangular-shaped elements are pieces of nylon that are arranged in mating relationship to form a balloon having a substantially part spherical top portion, a cylindrical portion continuing therefrom toward one extreme of the envelope, and a lower portion connected to the cylindrical portion forming a frusto-conical shaped portion at the bottom of the envelope. The triangular-shaped pieces of nylon are provided by selectively dismantling a series of parachutes.

More specifically, the parachutes are dismantled by removing the external shroud lines from at least four parachutes, cutting the parachutes along the interior extensions of the internal shroud line at every second gore, turning these two parachutes to face in opposition to one another, and mating the parachutes, so cut, into a cylindrical unit by joining all of the pairs of gores together. Shroud lines are cut from a third parachute forming a substantially hemispherical unit which is joined to the top of the cylindrical unit previously formed. This leaves one end of the cylinder open and a skirt on this end is attached to a combination of a fourth and fifth parachute that have been cut so that selected gores are removed from the fifth and the remaining gores are symmetrically situated so that selected cuts made between gores of the fourth parachute produce gaps that are in spaced relationship matching the spaced relationship of the gores remaining in the fifth parachute. The gores remaining in the fifth parachute are mated with the gaps formed in the fourth parachute to form a frusto-conical shape. The assembled fourth and fifth parachutes then together form a frusto-conical shaped enclosure. The larger diameter end of the frusto-conical shaped enclosure is then attached in any well-known manner such as by sewing to the open end of the assembled hemispherical and cylindrical units to form the composite envelope for the balloon. When the envelope, so formed, is completed, all of the interior shroud lines have been joined from the top of the envelope to the bottom to insure a continuous load bearing path from the top to the bottom of the enclosure. Near the base of the enclosure, a triangular shaped shroud line arrangement, such as seen in FIG. 2, is connected to a metallic ring which, in turn, carries a cable going to a load bearing element, such as a seat for the balloon.

When used as a sport balloon, a heat producing means, such as a butane tank can provide a controllable flame in the smaller end of the frusto-conical portion at the base of the balloon, is attached so that air can be heated near the base which then travels to the top of the balloon, inside the envelope, providing the balloon with its lift. As more heat is generated at the base of the balloon, the hot air temperature inside the balloon rises bringing the balloon away from the ground and causes it to gain altitude. As long as the heat increase continues, the balloon will continue to rise and as lower pressure is encountered, the balloon will tend to fill out providing a greater volume for the hot air trapped within the balloon until finally the balloon assumes its largest shape as limited by the shroud lines that have been attached as previously described. Therefore, the shroud line connections serve the dual purpose of limiting the volume of the balloon, as well as providing load bearing lines for the pay load that is to be carried. It should also be noted that whereas a 28 foot parachute is herein described as being a convenient source from which to get the triangular shaped gores, it would also be appropriate to use a 56 foot or other dimensioned parachutes as a source if it were desired to build a different dimensioned balloon. It is also possible to use a combination of different dimensioned parachutes in the same structure to gain a different shape or design.

The invention has been described in an illustrative manner and it is to be understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than of limitation.

Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

The embodiments of the invention in which. an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A method of forming an aerial balloon having a hemispherical top portion, a cylindrical center portion and a frusto-conical lower portion from nylon parachutes made of triangular gores comprising the steps of: dismantling a plurality of parachutes having internal and external shroud lines, removing the external shroud lines from at least four parachutes, cutting two parachutes along the internal shroud lines at every second gore, turning these two parachutes to face in opposition to one another, mating the parachutes into a cylindrical unit by joining alternate pairs of gores together, cutting shroud lines from a third parachute thereby forming a substantially hemispherical unit, attaching said hemispherical unit to said cylindrical unit leaving one end of the cylinder open, cutting a fourth and fifth parachute so that selected gores are removed from the fifth parachute and the remaining gores are symmetrically situated so that selected cuts made between gores of the fourth parachute produce gaps that are in spaced relationship matching the spaced relationship of the gores remaining in the fifth parachute, mating the gores remaining in the fifth parachute with the gaps formed in the fourth parachute to form a frusto-conical shape, attaching the fourth and fifth parachutes together to form a frusto-conical shaped enclosure, and attaching the larger diameter end of the frusto-conical shaped enclosure to the open end of the assembled hemispherical and cylindrical units to form a composite envelope.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein a pay load supporting means is attached to the composite envelope and a heat producing means is operatively associated with the composite envelope so that the envelope is thereby adapted to be used as a hot air balloon.

3. A method according to claim 1 and further including the step of forming a slit in the side of the composite envelope, and adapting a zipper to controllably open said slit from a position located near the narrower diameter of the frusto-control shaped enclosure.

4. An aerial balloon comprising an envelope having a semi-spherical top portion, a cylindrical center portion and a frsuto-conical lower portion, each of said portions being constructed of a plurality of substantially triangular fabric elements, all of the fabric elements forming the center and lower portions being substantially vertically oriented when the balloon is erected and arranged in at least semi-alternately inverted order.

5. A balloon as defined in claim 4 wherein the top portion includes N elements and the center portion includes 2N elements, which N is an integer.

6. A balloon as defined in claim 5 wherein the elements are made of film-coated nylon and have cords secured thereto along at least two sides thereof.

7. A balloon as defined in claim 6 wherein the elements of the top, center and lower portions are vertically aligned and the aligned cords are substantially continuous.

8. A balloon as defined in claim 7 including means for supporting a pay load, said means being connected to the cords such that the weight thereof is substantially evenly distributed about the envelope.

9. A balloon as defined in claim 4 including an aperture in the apex of the top portion, a valve structure disposed in the aperture, and means selectively operable for opening the valve.

10. A balloon as defined in claim 4 including a slit in the envelope, a zipper for closing the slit, means displaceable along the zipper for opening and closing the same, and means responsive to the opening of the zipper to spread the envelope on either side of the slit.

11. A method of assembling an aerial balloon substantially entirely from triangular fabric elements com prising the steps of assembling a plurality of N such elements in adjoining relationship with the apices of the elements meeting at a common center to define a semisphencal top portion, assembling a plurality of 2N such elements in adjoining and periodically and evenly inverted relationship to form a cylindrical center portion, assembling a plurality of additional elements in adjoinmg and periodically and evenly inverted relationship to form a cylindrical center portion, assemblying a plurality of additional elements in adjoining and periodically and unevenly inverted relationship to form a frusto-conical lower portion, and joining the top, center and lower portions together to form an envelope.

12. The method of claim 11 including the further step of attaching lines along the assembly seams between said elements and extending vertically from the apex of the envelope toward the bottom thereof.

13. An aerial balloon comprising an envelope having at least an upper and a lower portion at least one of which is frusto conical in shape, each of said portions being constructed of a plurality of elongated triangular fabric elements, the elements of the upper and lower References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 10 3,131,889 5/1964 Yost 24431 3,229,932 1/1966 Yost 24431 FOREIGN PATENTS 122,961 1/1900 Germany.

MILTON BUCHLER, Primary Examiner J. L. FORMAN, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.

982,356 1/1911 Fewillet 244 32 1,553,340 9/1925 Upson 244-31 2,641,424 6/1953 Moran 244-145 10 244 145 

